Educational Psychology (Edu Psy) is a scientific study of individuals' developmental, cognitive, and behavioural aspects in learning that are guided by theories :

​

Developmental Stages

These stages included both cognitive and psychosocial development. One of the influential psychologists, Jean Piaget, has highlighted four developmental stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. As children grow through these stages, their intellectual level progresses from object permanence, symbolic thought, logical thought, and scientific reasoning. 

​

Psychosocial developmental stages are influenced by the prominent psychoanalyst Erik Erikson. According to Erikson, children's identity is greatly impacted by eight stages of social relationships, from infancy, early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, to old age. At each stage of development, individuals are expected to face conflicts, and the responses given to these are going to determine their identities. 

​

Behaviorism & Conditioning

According to Ivan Pavlov's behaviourism theory, humans' behaviors are influenced by the environment. Based on Pavlov's discovery, human behaviour can be conditioned with a stimulus, which he later proposed as classical conditioning. Upon Pavlov's discovery, B. F. Skinner, the psychologist and behaviorist has discovered human behaviour associated with the consequences and initiated the operant conditioning theory.​

​

Constructivism

According to Lev Vygotsky, the Russian psychologist proposed that individuals are active learners who generate information through encounters and communications. This theory suggests an active learning experience by incorporating new information into existing knowledge. 

 

Experiential Learning​

According to David Kolb's learning styles theory, learners can be categorized into four types of preferred learning experiences. These four types of learning experience included concrete, reflective, abstract, and active experience. These preferred learning experiences can be accommodated through four types of learning styles: accommodating, diverging, converging, and assimilating. 

​​

Information Processing

Information processing refers to the way information is perceived, processed, and stored in the memory. According to the information processing model (IPM), individuals receive information through different sensory inputs. Based on the model, individuals are only capable of processing a limited amount of information. Successfully stored information will be processed through sensory memory and short-term memory. Information that has been successfully registered will be stored in long-term memory.​

​​

Types of Learning Disorder

Learning disorders refer to a malfunction in the brain development that results in difficulties in language or numerical acquisition and impacts on other processing skills. Some of the disorders included dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. 

​

​